Sri Lanka, an island nation in the Indian Ocean, boasts a rich and diverse history that spans over two millennia. Known for its strategic location and abundant natural resources, Sri Lanka has been a focal point for trade, cultural exchange, and political power throughout ancient history. Let’s explore the key milestones that have shaped the island’s past.

Prehistoric Sri Lanka

1. Early Settlements: Archaeological evidence suggests that human habitation in Sri Lanka dates back to around 125,000 years ago. The island’s earliest inhabitants were hunter-gatherers who used stone tools. Sites such as the Fa Hien Cave and Batadombalena have revealed artifacts and fossils that provide insights into these prehistoric communities.
2. Mesolithic Period: During this era, known as the Balangoda Culture (circa 30,000 BCE), inhabitants developed more advanced stone tools and lived in caves. The Balangoda Man, identified from skeletal remains, is a key figure from this period, showcasing the early human adaptation to the island’s environment.

Arrival of Indo-Aryans and the Rise of Anuradhapura

1. Indo-Aryan Migration: Around the 5th century BCE, Indo-Aryan migrants from northern India arrived in Sri Lanka, bringing with them the Sanskrit language and Vedic culture. This period marks the beginning of recorded history on the island.
2. Founding of Anuradhapura: Established in the 4th century BCE by King Pandukabhaya, Anuradhapura became the first capital of Sri Lanka and remained so for over a millennium. The city developed into a major center for politics, culture, and religion, with advanced irrigation systems and impressive architectural feats.
3. Introduction of Buddhism: In the 3rd century BCE, Buddhism was introduced to Sri Lanka by Mahinda, the son of Emperor Ashoka of India. King Devanampiya Tissa embraced Buddhism, making it the state religion. This period saw the construction of significant religious monuments, including the Thuparamaya Dagoba, the first stupa in Sri Lanka.

The Golden Age of Anuradhapura

1. Development of Monasteries and Stupas: Anuradhapura flourished as a Buddhist center, with the establishment of monasteries such as Mahavihara, Abhayagiri, and Jetavana. The construction of massive stupas like Ruwanwelisaya, Abhayagiri Dagoba, and Jetavanaramaya reflects the city’s religious and architectural achievements.
2. Advanced Irrigation Systems: The rulers of Anuradhapura developed sophisticated irrigation systems, including reservoirs (tanks) and canals, to support agriculture. Notable examples include the Tissa Wewa, Abhaya Wewa, and the Jaya Ganga canal, which facilitated water distribution across the dry zone.

Invasions and the Decline of Anuradhapura

1. South Indian Invasions: From the 2nd century BCE onwards, Sri Lanka faced numerous invasions from South Indian kingdoms, notably the Cholas, Pandyas, and Pallavas. These invasions disrupted the stability of Anuradhapura and led to periodic shifts in power.
2. Fall of Anuradhapura: In the 10th century CE, the Chola dynasty invaded and captured Anuradhapura, leading to its decline. The capital was moved to Polonnaruwa in the 11th century by King Vijayabahu I, marking the end of Anuradhapura’s dominance.

The Polonnaruwa Period

1. King Parakramabahu I: The reign of King Parakramabahu I (1153-1186 CE) is considered the zenith of the Polonnaruwa period. He unified the country, restored Buddhist institutions, and initiated extensive construction projects, including the Parakrama Samudra, a vast irrigation reservoir.
2. Cultural and Architectural Achievements: Polonnaruwa became a center of learning and culture, with impressive architectural works such as the Gal Vihara, a rock temple featuring colossal Buddha statues, and the Vatadage, a circular relic house.

Decline of Polonnaruwa and Shifting Capitals

1. South Indian Invasions: The Polonnaruwa kingdom also faced invasions from South Indian states, leading to its eventual decline in the late 13th century. The capital shifted multiple times, with significant centers emerging in Dambadeniya, Yapahuwa, Kurunegala, and Kotte.
2. European Contact: In the 16th century, the arrival of European colonial powers—Portuguese, Dutch, and later the British—marked a new chapter in Sri Lanka’s history. These colonial encounters profoundly impacted the island’s political, economic, and cultural landscape.

Legacy of Ancient Sri Lanka

The ancient history of Sri Lanka is a testament to its rich cultural heritage, marked by religious devotion, architectural brilliance, and innovative engineering. The legacy of the Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa periods continues to influence modern Sri Lankan culture and identity, making the island a fascinating destination for history enthusiasts and travelers alike.

From the early settlements to the rise and fall of powerful kingdoms, Sri Lanka’s ancient history offers a captivating journey through time, reflecting the resilience and ingenuity of its people.